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Objective:To explore any correlation between knee muscle strength and walking ability after an incomplete lumbar spinal cord injury and the factors influencing walking ability.Methods:Twenty-seven persons with an incomplete lumbar spinal cord injury were tested. Their bilateral quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength and peak torque during knee extension and flexion were assessed. They completed the 10m walking time test (10MWT) and each person′s WWISCI II spinal cord injury walking index was evaluated. Spearman correlations among the data were computed and stepwise regression was used to analyze the factors significantly influencing the 10MWT and WISCI II results.Results:The average hamstring strength was significantly negatively correlated with the 10MWT times and WISCI II ratings. Hamstring torque also was negatively correlated with the 10MWT times, but positively correlated with the WISCI II ratings. The 10MWT times and WISCI II ratings were significantly inter-correlated. Hamstring strength was the best predictor of 10MWT times (accounting for 63% of the variance) and WISCI II ratings (64%), but quadriceps strength was also a secondary predictor.Conclusions:Knee muscle strength is a useful predictor of 10MWT times and WISCI II ratings after incomplete lumbar spinal cord injury. It can predict early walking ability to some extent.
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In this study, we investigated the mechanism of crude extract of Psammosilene tunicoides(CEPT) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) based on the Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome. The collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) mouse model was established. On day 32 after the primary immunization, according to the arthritis score, the mice were randomly divided into model group, positive control(methotrexate) group, low-and high-dose CEPT groups, and normal group, with 10 mice in each group. According to the administration dose of each group, the mice were continuously administered for 21 days. Every four days during the administration, the paw edema degree, arthritis score, and spleen index of the mice were measured; histopathological examination was performed for the ankles of the mice; the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in the serum were determined; the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC), as well as the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the ankle joints of the mice were detected. The results showed that compared with those in the model group, the mice in the positive control group and CEPT groups had significantly decreased the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in the serum and spleen index(P<0.01), significantly lowered arthritis score and degree of paw edema(P<0.01), alleviated arthritic infiltration of the knee, and down-regulated protein and mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the ankle joint(P<0.01). These results suggest that P. tunicoides may reduce the paw edema and arthritis score and alleviate the inflammatory response in CIA mice by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3. This study provides a basis for the study of immune regulation of P. tunicoides in RA.
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Animals , Mice , Arthritis, Experimental/genetics , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics , Caspase 1/genetics , Inflammasomes/genetics , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the strong expression (S+) of P53 and BCL2 proteins in MYC/BCL2 double-expression DLBCL (DEL) and whether they can be used for the prognostic evaluation and stratified diagnosis of DELs.@*Methods@#Tissue microarray were made by filed FFPE blocks of 174 DLBCL cases. The translocation of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 genes were detected by FISH, and the proteins were detected by IHC. Data of clinicopathologic features and follow up of patients were collected and OS (overall survival) and PFS (progression free survival) were analyzed by statistics.@*Results@#Eight double-hit lymphomas (DHLs) were identified in all cases, and 45 DELs were selected from 166 remaining cases, which have no significant difference in OS and PFS compared with non-DEL cases (P=0.668 and P=0.790) . Of 42 DEL-cases with follow up data, 24 cases with P53+ or/and BCL2 (S+) are significantly shorter OS and PFS than others (P=0.003 and P=0.000) , in which the cases with P53+/BCL2 (S+) co-expression were the worst prognosis, and P53/BCL2 co-weaker positive DEL cases even have superior OS and PFS than those non-DELs. Although statistics showed that the cases of P53+ or/and BCL2 (S+) have a lower OS and PFS in total cases (P=0.063 and P=0.024) , it is not the case when the DEL-cases take out from total cases, that is the cases with P53+ or/and BCL2 (S+) are as similar OS and PFS as others in non-DEL group (P=0.590 and P=0.550) .@*Conclusion@#The strong expression of P53 and BCL2 proteins can be used as indicators of stratified diagnosis and poor prognosis of DEL.
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Objective:To investigate the chemical constituents from sprout of Ziziphi jujuba var. spinosa,and explore the effect of germination on the activity of Z. jujuba var. spinosa seed from the perspective of material basis. Method:The dry sprout of Z. jujuba var. spinosa was crushed and extracted with petroleum ether to remove oils and fats,then the residues were dried and received reflux extraction with methanol. The solvent was decompressed and recovered to obtain methanol fractions. The fractions were dissolved, isolated and purified by column chromatography technologies such as silica gel,RP C18 and Sephadex LH-20,and the structures of the compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),mass spectrometry (MS) and reference liteature. Result:The 13 compounds were isolated from the sprout of Z. jujuba var. spinosa and identified as jujuboside B (1),jujuboside D (2),jujuboside A (3),betulinic acid (4),betulin (5),lupeol (6),alphitolic acid (7),ceanothic acid (8),oleanolic acid (9),ursolic acid (10),magnoflorine (11),nuciferine (12) and swertisin (13). Conclusion:All the above compounds were isolated from the sprout of of Z. jujuba var. spinosa for the first time. The study showed that the chemical constituents from the sprout were quite similar with those from the seeds of Z. jujuba var. spinosa,mainly including triterpenoids and saponins,flavonoids,alkaloid,etc.Overall,the results described in this study could provide certain chemical basis for further resources exploitation and utilization of the sprout of Z. jujuba var. spinosa.
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With the approaches of artificial intelligence and big data, the development of cancer genomics and updating of imaging technology, gastric cancer surgery is facing great challenges and opportunities. The main focus is on laparoscopic surgery technology, enhanced recovery after surgery, multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment, and precision medicine. Considering the common de-mand for reduced complication rate among doctors and patients, laparoscopic surgery has become widely popular owing to its advan-tages of small incision and rapid recovery. Furthermore, the development of artificial intelligence and big data has raised a new chal-lenge in routine diagnosis and treatment. As a result, we encourage multicenter cooperation, and data standardization and sharing. At present, completion of the transition from empirical medicine to evidence-based medicine and promotion of the individualization and standardization of gastric cancer treatment are needed.
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Objective To explore the influencing factors of the vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC), and establish a model for predicting the risk of trial of the trial of labor after cesarean section (TOLAC). Methods From January 2016 to December 2018, total 694 pregnant women who underwent TOLAC in Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Those cases were divided into two groups according to the mode of delivery: the VBAC group and the failed TOLAC group. At the same time, 700 cases in the elective repeat cesarean section (ERCS) group were randomly selected as control group. The influencing factors of VBAC were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and the pregnancy outcomes between the three groups were compared. Results (1) The VBAC rate was 76.1% (528/694) and 166 women underwent the failed TOLAC (23.9%, 166/694). (2) Univariate analysis found that, the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) [(22.0±3.0),(23.3±2.7) kg/m2], the previous vaginal delivery history [10.4%(55/528),3.6%(6/166)], the cervical score (5.2±1.9,4.3±1.6) and the neonatal birth weight [(3 315 ± 468), (3 484 ± 274) g] of the VBAC group were significantly different from the failed TOLAC group (P<0.05). (3) The comparison of pregnancy outcomes: the neonatal birth weight was (3 315± 468) g, and the intrapartum hemorrhage volume was (255 ± 121) ml in the VBAC group, which were significantly lower than those in the failed TOLAC group [intrapartum hemorrhage (325 ± 173) ml] and the ERCS group [(3 572±344) g, (281±125) ml], there were statistically significant differences in the comparison among the three groups (all P<0.05). Two cases of bladder injury occurred during cesarean section in the TOLAC failure group (1.2%,2/166). The rates of the blood transfusion, puerperal infection, 5-minute Apgar score and neonatal ICU admission among the three groups were no statistically significantly different (all P>0.05). There was no maternal or perinatal death. (4) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the delivery age of pregnant women ( OR=0.92, 95% CI : 0.87-0.98), pre-pregnancy BMI ( OR=0.92, 95% CI :0.86-0.98), vaginal delivery history ( OR=3.31, 95% CI : 1.35-8.01), cervical score ( OR=1.29, 95% CI :1.13-1.42) and the birth weight of the neonates <3 300 g ( OR=3.15, 95% CI : 2.02-4.90) were independent influencing factors for VBAC. The area under curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.74. Conclusions The influencing factors of VBAC are delivery age, pre-pregnancy BMI, vaginal delivery history, cervical score and neonatal birth weight <3 300 g. The adequate individualized management and assessment of the TOLAC may be helpful to improve the VBAC rate.
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a highly invasive malignant lymphoma,and the molecular mechanism of its patho-genesis is not fully understood.Next generation sequencing(NGS)is an increasingly mature gene assay technology,which has been widely applied in recent years to study the genetics of DLBCL.Targeted therapy development has progressed significantly on the basis of these studies,which has made genetic mutations in DLBCL become the new research hotspot.This review summarizes the progress in research on progress-related gene mutations in DLBCL.
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Objective To investigate the effects of numerous re-planning strategies on the anatomic and dosimetric outcomes of target volume and organs at risk (OARs) in patients with head and neck cancer receiving fractionated radiotherapy.Methods From 2015 to 2016,28 patients with head and neck cancer were enrolled in this study with Shandong Cancer Hospital,consisting of 19 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 4 patients with laryngocarcinoma, and 5 patients with carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.All of them received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy.Each patient had six weekly cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans, which were performed on the first day of every week, to obtain reference images.A virtual CT image was generated by registration of planning CT and each weekly CBCT image.The four re-planning strategies were used for the reconstruction of re-planned dose, while the initial planning was used as a reference.The weekly doses calculated using virtual CT were summed together to obtain the actual dose.The actual and initial planned doses were evaluated.The nonparametric Friedman test was used to evaluate the differences between multiple groups, and the differences between any two groups were analyzed by paired t test.Results The sizes of planning target volume, clinical target volume, and left/right parotid glands (PGs) changed significantly within the six weeks (P=0.041, 0.046, 0.024, and 0.017, respectively).For these four re-planning strategies, there were significant differences between the actual dose and the initial planned dose to the PGs (all P<0.05), with average values decreased by 5.02%, 11.17%, 12.08%, and 13.19%, respectively, compared with that in the reference strategy.Conclusions Re-planning during treatment course could ensure the sparing of OARs and allow for sufficient dose to the target volume.The higher the number of re-planning strategies, the more the actual dose is close to the initial planed dose;the efficiency of two re-planning strategies is the highest.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic lesions caused by neuronal degeneration and secondary demyelination.Recent studies have shown that a DNA/RNA binding protein named fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma protein (FUS/TLS) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases,such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and polyglutamine diseases.Mutations or dysfunction in FUS/TLS are responsible for the abnormal processes in the related gene transcription,RNA processing,transportation and translation and are highly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disease.Discovery and the research of FUS/TLS not only contribute to the understanding of neurodegenerative disease at RNA level,but also provide a new way for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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To assess the clinical use and occurrence of adverse reactions of Xiyanping injection, and to provide reference for rational drug use in the clinic. Based on hospital central monitoring method, the clinical data of Xiyanping injection in our hospital in 2014 was tracked and analyzed. A total of 848 inpatients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 39.9% were not in accordance with the medication purpose. In practice, the dose more than the limits prescribed by the instructions of child and adult were accounted for 1.72% and 6.62%, respectively; improper choice of solvent, accounting for 3.18%; both the choice of versus intravenous drip and aerosol inhalati administration route were reasonable; mixed with other drug, accounting for 2.24%. The incidence of ADR of Xiyanping injection was 0.12%, which showed good safety. Irrational use of Xiyanping injection existed in clinics, and the use should be strengthened and regulated. The manufacturer should improve the drug instruction of usage and dosage.
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According to different toxicities of various aqueous extracts of Polygonum multiflorum on hepatocyte, the impacts of chemical composition on the safety of P. multiforum was studied. In this study, 8 main chemical compositions in aqueous extracts of P. multiflorum were determined by the established HPLC method; at the same time, the inhibition ratios of different aqueous extracts of P. multiflorum on L02 cell were determined. Afterwards, the potential compounds related to the toxicity of P. multiforum were tentatively found through a multiple correlation analysis. The results showed that P. multiforum with different chemical compositions exhibited great differences in dissolution. The hepatocyte toxicity of P. multiflorum powder was much greater than P. multiflorum lumps. In addition, three constituents closely related to toxicity of P. multiflorum were found by multiple correlation analysis. The study revealed that chemical composition of P. multiflorum is closely related to the hepatotoxicity, and the hepatotoxicity of P. multiflorum powder is greater than that of other dosage forms. This study indicates that P. multiflorum with different chemical compositions show varying toxicity, which therefore shall be given high attention.
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Objective To study the growth difference and possible mechanism between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line CNE-2 and its subclone S-18.Methods CNE-2 and S-18 cells were cultured in vitro.6 x 105 cells/mouse were xenografted subcutaneously in the back of nude mice.The volumes of rumors were measured on the 3 rd,7 th,10 th,14 th day after grafting.Mice were sacrificed on the 14 th day and tumors were isolated and weighed.RNA from tumor tissues were extracted and transcriptional levels of HSP27 and NF-K B were detected.Results (1) S-18,instead of CNE-2,grew to form tumor mass 7 days after xenografting subcutaneously;both cell lines formed tumor mass 10 days after xenografting,however,the volumes of S-18 tumors [(223.13 ± 21.32) mm3,10 th day;(420.25 ± 24.52) mm3,14 th day] were significant bigger than CNE-2tumors [(113.70±11.70) mm3,10thday;(279.86±25.78) mm3,14thday];The weights of S-18 umors were significantly higher than CNE-2 tumors on the 14 th day after xenografting;(2) The transcriptional levels of HSP27 and NF-KB in S-18 tumor were significantly higher than in CNE-2 tumor.Conclusion Xenografted S-18 NPC grows faster than Xenografted CNE-2 NPC.HSP27 and NF-κ B are probably involved in the regulation of growth in NPC.
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Objective To observe the effects of Fuyanshu Capsule on phenol mucilage-induced endometritis rats and the possible anti-inflammation mechanism of the therapeutic effects.Methods Chronic endometritis in rats was induced by injection of phenol mucilage suspension into the uterus.Sixty female SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups,namely,sham-operation group (distilled water,10mL/kg),model group,Jinji capsule group (0.65 g/kg),and Fuyanshu Capsule groups (1.8 g/kg,0.9 g/kg and 0.45 g/kg).After the rats were treated 28 days with corresponding medicine by intragastric administration,the pathology of the endometrium and changes of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)and interleukin-2 (IL-2)levels were detected to evaluate the effects of Fuyanshu Capsule. Results Fuyanshu Capsule (1.8 g/kg and 0.9 g/kg)ameliorated the body weight reduction caused by endometritis in rats.Fuyanshu Capsule (1.8 g/kg,0.9 g/kg and 0.45 g/kg)reduced the ratio of the swelling uterus and ovaries to body weight of the rats.It ameliorated obviously the hyperplasia,necrosis and degeneration of endometrial epithelia and infiltration of inflammatory cells.The capsule (1.8 g/kg)decreased the serum IL-2 level in the rats with phenol mucilage-induced endometritis. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory effect of Fuyanshu Capsule on chronic endometritis induced by phenol mucilage in rats may be related to the decrease of IL-2 level.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of extract of the Smilax china L. rhizome (SCR) on ovarian cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ovarian cancer cells A2780 were treated with different concentrations of SCR extract (SCRE), and compared with controls. Effects on cell growth were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; proliferation effects by EdU incorporation assay; cell cycle by propidium iodide staining; apoptosis by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide; cellular distribution of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by immunofluorescence; protein levels of NF-κB, caspase-3, poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)-1, anti-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and AKT by Western blotting; and effects of SCRE combined with cisplatin or adriamycin on A2780 cells by CCK-8 assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SCRE suppressed A2780 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05,P<0.01), arrested cells in G2/M phase and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3, PARP and Bax. SCRE treatment also correlated with inhibition of NF-κB and downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cIAP-1, XIAP and AKT. SCRE can promote chemosensitivity to cisplatin and adriamycin in A2780 cells (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SCR effectively inhibits NF-κB, induces apoptosis and reduces chemoresistance to cisplatin and adriamycin in ovarian cancer cells, which might be its molecular basis for treating ovarian cancer.</p>
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Female , Humans , Apoptosis , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , NF-kappa B , Ovarian Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , SmilaxABSTRACT
Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Shanghai from 2006 to 2012.Methods Clinical and epidemiological information on CJD patients from Shanghai CJD Surveillance Network was analyzed.Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood specimens from patients were collected and used for detecting the 14-3-3 protein,and polymorphism of 129 amino acid and mutation of PRNP genes.Data was processed by EpiData (V3.0) and analyzed by SPSS (V17.0).Results In totally,one definite CJD patient together with 56 probable and 17 possible sporadic CJD patients were identified.One E200K genetic CJD case was diagnosed and another one was clinically diagnosed.No period-or geographic-related events were observed for these cases,but the houses of the two genetic CJD cases were close to each other.The mean age of onset of the probable CJD patients was 62 years old which was significantly older than that of those possible CJD patients.Conclusion Most of the CJD patients identified in Shanghai were sporadic and the number was stable from 2006 to 2012.The mean age of onset of those probable CJD patients was older than that of the possible CJD patients.
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Objective To systemically analyze the epidemiological characteristics,molecular markers of circulating group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolates and the incidence trend of scarlet fever in Shanghai from 2005 to 2012 as well as to explore the practice of GAS isolates surveillance program and the combined mathematical model in the early warning of scarlet fever.Methods The morbidity series of scarlet fever were retrieved to analyze and fit the combined mathematical model which comprised an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and a neural network.GAS isolates surveillances programs were implemented on community healthy population,using the emm typing and superantigens detecting method in Shanghai during the epidemic period of scarlet fever in 2008,2010 and 2012.The standardized prevalence of GAS isolates was estimated with the demographic data.Results From 2005 to 2012,there were a total of 9410 scarlet fever cases reported in Shanghai including local registered residents and immigrant population,showing that the distribution of patients as sporadic.The morbidity kept rising with seasonal and periodical variations and the peak was in 2011.The average morbidity was 6.012 per 100 000 persons.Morbidity in the the suburban was significantly higher than that in the urban areas.Children at 4 to 8 years old were easy to be involved.The mean error rate of single ARIMA model,ARIMA-GRNN and back propagation artificial neural network combined model were 0.268,0.432 and 0.131 respectively.The predicted incidence of scarlet fever in 2013 would keep fluctuating within a narrow range from 0.446 to 3.467 per 100 000 persons.A total number of 4409 throat swab samples were collected through the GAS isolates surveillance programs in 2008,2010 and 2012.The standardized prevalence of GAS isolates in each year were 0.000％,0.000％ and 1.092％.18 GAS isolates were identified and 15 isolates (83.33％) belonged to emm 12.0.Conclusion The morbidity of scarlet fever would continue to maintain an upward trend in Shanghai and the techniques used in GAS isolates surveillance program and in the combined mathematical model could be applied for the early warning system on scarlet fever.
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This paper aims to investigate if the dental restoration of nickel-chromium based alloy (Ni-Cr) leads to the enhanced excretions of Ni and Cr in urine. Seven hundred and ninety-five patients in a dental hospital had single or multiple Ni-Cr alloy restoration recently and 198 controls were recruited to collect information on dental restoration by questionnaire and clinical examination. Urinary concentrations of Ni and Cr from each subject were measure by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to the control group, the urinary level of Ni was significantly higher in the patient group of <1 month of the restoration duration, among which higher Ni excretions were found in those with either a higher number of teeth replaced by dental alloys or a higher index of metal crown not covered with the porcelain. Urinary levels of Cr were significantly higher in the three patient groups of <1, 1 to <3 and 3 to <6 months, especially in those with a higher metal crown exposure index. Linear curve estimations showed better relationships between urinary Ni and Cr in patients within 6-month groups. Our data suggested significant increased excretions of urinary Ni and Cr after dental restoration. Potential short- and long-term effects of Ni-Cr alloy restoration need to be investigated.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chromium , Urine , Chromium Alloys , Chemistry , Creatinine , Urine , Crowns , Dental Porcelain , Chemistry , Metal Ceramic Alloys , Chemistry , Nickel , Urine , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Surface Properties , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This study aims to express pig nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65/p50 fusion protein in E. coli Rosetta, and study its impacts on PRRSV proliferation in vitro. The p65 ORF and mature p50 encoding gene were amplified by RT-PCR, the products were cloned into the pET-21a(+) vector, then transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta, recombinant fusion protein was expressed by IPTG induction, the expressed product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-Blot. The purified and re-folded p65/p50 was added to the 2% FBS DMEM, and the cytotoxicity on Marc145 was observed to select the optimum concentration. The effects of optimum concentration of p65/p50 on PRRSV proliferation activity were investigated by detecting PRRSV infection phase in the culture supernatant using real-time FQ-PCR method and drawing PRRSV one-step growth curve. The results showed the p65/p50-pET21a(+) prokaryotic expression vector were successfully constructed , recombinant p50 and p65 fusion protein was expressed abundantly in the form of inclusion body with molecular weight of 70kD, Western-Blot results showed that the rabbit anti-human p50 polyclonal serum, rabbit anti-human p65 purified antibody could bind specifically to p50 and p65 respectively. The optimum concentration of p65/p50 was 0.4 microg/mL. The real-time FQ-PCR results indicated that NF-kappaB p65/p50 could promote CPE appearance and PRRSV proliferation before CPE appeared, and suppress PRRSV proliferation after CPE appeared, and lower the virus titer levels significantly(P < 0.05). These results will provide some new insight of the pathogenic mechanism and treatment strategies of PRRS.
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Animals , Humans , Cell Line , Escherichia coli , Genetics , Metabolism , Gene Expression , NF-kappa B p50 Subunit , Genetics , Metabolism , Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome , Metabolism , Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus , Genetics , Physiology , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Swine , Transcription Factor RelA , Genetics , Metabolism , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
Objective To explore the factors associated with severe hand-food-mouth disease (HFMD) case in Shanghai.Methods A total of 105 severe HFMD cases diagnosed from May to July,2011 in Shanghai were enrolled as case group while another 210 mild HFMD cases were randomly selected as control group in the same period.All subject' s parents or babysitters were asked to fill in the questionnaire in which including demography,ways of babysitting,behavior and the like.All HFMD cases were diagnosed by both clinical symptom and nuclear acid testing.Data was processed by EpiData (V3.0) and analyzed by SPSS (V17.0).Results Factors as age,gender,Diaspora pattern,migrant,size of house,numbers of family member,numbers of children,frequency of seeing doctor,dishware that sharing with babysitter,food chewed by babysitter,dirty hand,EV71 virus type and diagnosis on HFMD in the fist visit to hospital were found associated with severe HFMD by univariate analysis.Results through multivariate logistic regression showed that factors including:being the only male kid,more than 3 children in the family,dirty hands,unable to be diagnosed as HFMD in the first visit to the hospital,visiting doctor during the past 6 months for 2 and 3 times etc.could be kept in the model with statistical threshold of 0.05.Adjusted ORs and confidence intervals of them were 2.431 ( 1.317-4.487),2.661 (1.332-5.315),3.403 ( 1.871-6.191 ),6.607 (3.011-14.500),2.431 ( 1.111-5.321 ),2.628 ( 1.137-6.071 ) respectively.Being Infected by EV71 was also found a very important risk factor compared with CoxA16 or other enteroviruses,and its adjusted OR was 5.614 (2.409-13.082).Conclusion It was necessary to implement molecular diagnosis for identifying the virus type of HFMD,together with improvement on the capacity of clinical diagnosis in order to diagnose the HFMD cases earlier.More attention should be paid to these HFMD cases with EV71 infection as well as prompting frequent visits to hospitals on those families with more children.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of behavioral training on the learning and memory abilities and changes of NR2B and GluR1 expressions in the hippocampus of offspring rats with fetal growth retardation (FGR).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A FGR model was established in SD rats by passive smoking. The offspring rats were divided into FGR group and control group, each then randomized into training and untrained group. Morris water maze behavioral training was carried out in postnatal months 2 and 4, and the learning and memory abilities of the young rats were assessed using dark-avoidance test and step-down test. NR2B and GluR1 expression in the hippocampus of the rats were detected by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the dark-avoidance and step-down tests, the FGR rats showed deteriorated learning and memory performance in comparison with the control group, but behavioral training resulted in improved performance of the rats. The performance in FGR group was much improved after behavioral training, and the model factor and the training factor showed a significant interaction (P<0.05). The expression of NR2B and GluR1 in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus decreased in FGR group, then the their expressions in the CA1 region increased after training in both FGR and control groups, and the increment was especially obvious in GluR1 expression in the CA1 region at postnatal month 2. The two factors showed a significant interaction (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Behavioral training can improve the learning and memory abilities of FGR offspring rats, the mechanism of which is probably related to increased expression of NR2B and GluR1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.</p>